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History— China (1906-1920)
The history of the military and cultural events that lead to the overthrew of the last Qing emperor, set up the era of warlords and finally pitted Communists again nationalists during the first two decades of the 20th century.
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- Parent Category: Historic Impact
- Category: History— China (1906-1920)
A republic was formally established on 1 January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution, which itself began with the Wuchang Uprising on 10 October 1911, successfully overthrowing the Qing dynasty and ending over two thousand years of imperial rule in China.[8] From its founding until 1949 it was based on mainland China. Central authority waxed and waned in response to warlordism(1915–28), Japanese invasion (1937–45), and a full-scale civil war (1927–49), with central authority strongest during the Nanjing Decade (1927–37), when most of China came under the control of the Kuomintang (KMT) under an authoritarian one-party military dictatorship.[9]
In 1912, after over two thousand years of imperial rule, a republic was established to replace the monarchy.[8] The Qing dynastythat preceded the republic experienced a century of instability throughout the 19th century, suffered from both internal rebellion and foreign imperialism.[13] The ongoing instability eventually led to the outburst of Boxer Rebellion in 1900, whose attacks on foreigners led to the invasion by the Eight Nation Alliance. China signed the Boxer Protocol and paid a large indemnity to the foreign powers: 450 million taels of fine silver (around $333 million or £67 million at the then current exchange rates).[14] A program of institutional reform proved too little and too late. Only the lack of an alternative regime prolonged its existence until 1912.[15][16]
The establishment of the Chinese Republic developed out of the Wuchang Uprising against the Qing government on 10 October 1911. That date is now celebrated annually as the ROC's national day, also known as the "Double Ten Day". On 29 December 1911, Sun Yat-sen was elected president by the Nanjing assembly with representatives from seventeen provinces. On 1 January 1912, he was officially inaugurated and pledged "to overthrow the despotic government led by the Manchu, consolidate the Republic of China and plan for the welfare of the people".[17]
An attempt at a democratic election in 1912 ended with the assassination of the elected candidate by a man recruited by Yuan. Ultimately, Yuan declared himself Emperor of China in 1915.[19] The new ruler of China tried to increase centralization by abolishing the provincial system; however, this move angered the gentry along with the provincial governors, usually military men. Many provinces declared independence and became warlord states. Increasingly unpopular and deserted by his supporters, Yuan gave up being Emperor in 1916 and died of natural causes shortly after.[20][21]
China declined into a period of warlordism. Sun, forced into exile, returned to Guangdong province in the south with the help of warlords in 1917 and 1922, and set up successive rival governments to the Beiyang government in Beijing; he re-established the KMT in October 1919. Sun's dream was to unify China by launching an expedition to the north. However, he lacked military support and funding to make it a reality.[22]
Meanwhile, the Beiyang government struggled to hold on to power, and an open and wide-ranging debate evolved regarding how China should confront the West. In 1919, a student protest against the government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, considered unfair by Chinese intellectuals, led to the May Fourth movement. These demonstrations were aimed at spreading Western influence to replace Chinese culture. It is also in this intellectual climate that the influence of Marxism spread and became more popular. It eventually led to the founding of the Communist Party of China in 1921.[23]
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- Parent Category: Historic Impact
- Category: History— China (1906-1920)
The History of the Republic of China begins after the Qing dynasty in 1912, when the formation of the Republic of China as a constitutional republic put an end to 4,000 years of Imperial rule. The Qing dynasty, (also known as the Manchu dynasty), ruled from 1644–1912. The Republic had experienced many trials and tribulations after its founding which included being dominated by elements as disparate as warlord generals and foreign powers.
In 1928, the Republic was nominally unified under the Kuomintang (KMT)—Chinese Nationalist Party—after the Northern Expedition, and was in the early stages of industrialization and modernization when it was caught in the conflicts among the Kuomintang government, the Communist Party of China, (founded 1921), which was converted into a nationalist party; local warlords, and the Empire of Japan. Most nation-building efforts were stopped during the full-scale Second Sino-Japanese War / War of Resistance against Japan from 1937 to 1945, and later the widening gap between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party made a coalition government impossible, causing the resumption of the Chinese Civil War, in 1946, shortly after the Japanese surrender to the Americans and the Western Allies in September 1945.
A series of political, economic and military missteps led to the KMT's defeat and its retreat to Taiwan (formerly "Formosa") in 1949, where it established an authoritarian one-party state continuing under Generalissimo/President Chiang Kai-shek. This state considered itself to be the continuing sole legitimate ruler of all of China, referring to the communist government or "regime" as illegitimate, a so-called "People's Republic of China" declared in Beijing (Peking) by Mao Zedong in 1949, as "mainland China", "Communist China, or "Red China". Although supported for many years, even decades by many nations especially with the support of the United States who established a 1954 Mutual Defense treaty, as the decades passed, since political liberalization began in the late 1960s, the PRC was able after a constant yearly campaign in the United Nations to finally get approval in 1971, to take the seat for "China" in the General Assembly, and more importantly, be seated as one of the five permanent members of the Security Council. After recovering from this shock of rejection by its former allies and liberalization in the late 1970s from the Nationalist authoritarian government and following the death of Chiang Kai-shek, the Republic of China has transformed itself into a multiparty, representative democracy on Taiwan and given more representation to those native Taiwanese, whose ancestors predate the 1949 mainland evacuation.
This is a timeline of the Republic of China.
Republic of China in 1930s.
Timeline when controlled Chinese mainland (1912–1949)
1911–1920
National Flag of the Republic of China, used between 1912 and 1928. Also known as "Five-colored flag".
- 1911: Wuchang Uprising.
- 1911: Flag of the Republic of China "Five-Colored Flag" selected as the national flag by the provisional senate.
- 1912: Sun Yat-sen elected First Provisional President of the ROC by delegates from independent provinces.
- 1912: Last emperor of China Puyi forced to abdicate, Yuan Shikai became president.
- 1915: Twenty-One Demands.
- 1916: Yuan Shikai dies.
- 1917: Manchu Restoration to restore monarchy in China by General Zhang Xun.
- 1919: Treaty of Versailles is established.
- 1919: May Fourth Movement.
1921–1930
- 1921: Beiyang government lost control of Outer Mongolia.
- 1924: Whampoa Military Academy established.
- 1925: Sun Yat-sen dies, National Revolutionary Army founded.
- 1926: beginning of the Northern Expedition.
- 1927: Shanghai massacre, beginning of the Chinese Civil War.
- 1928: end of the Northern Expedition, Flag of the Republic of China"Blue Sky, White Sun, and a Wholly Red Earth" flag adopted as the nation's official flag.
1931–1940
Flag of the Republic of China from 1928.
- 1930: Central Plains War broke out.
- 1931: Japanese invasion of Manchuria.
- 1932: Pacification of Manchukuo.
- 1933: Defense of the Great Wall.
- 1936: Xi'an Incident, Chiang Kai-shek was detained by his subordinates Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng.
- 1937: Marco Polo Bridge Incident, mass start of Second Sino-Japanese War .
1941–1950
- 1943: USA repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act.
- 1945: Republic of China begins administrating Taiwan. Per treaty, the United States of America is the principal occupying power and the ROC/KMT is a subordinate occupying power.
- 1945: Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance.
- 1946: Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War begins.
- 1948: Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. P. C. Chang is among its authors.
- 1949: ROC officially overtaken and China becomes the PRC, who exiles the ROC central government to Taiwan. (On 1 October 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong declared the creation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The announcement ended the costly full-scale civil war between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Nationalist Party, or Kuomintang (KMT), which broke out immediately following World War II and had been preceded by on and off conflict between the two sides since the 1920s)
Timeline when only controls Taiwan (after 1949)
1951–1960
- 1952: San Francisco Peace Treaty comes into force. Japan renounces all right, title, and claim to Taiwan, but no "receiving country" is designated. The ROC claims to have formally acquired the territorial sovereignty over Taiwan and Penghu through peace treaties with Japan.
- 1952: Treaty of Taipei comes into force. Article 2 recognizes the disposition of Taiwan as specified in the San Francisco Peace Treaty.
- 1955: Mutual Defense Treaty with the United States comes into force. Article 6 recognizes the effective territorial control of the ROC over Taiwan.
- 1960: US President Dwight Eisenhower visited Taiwan.
1961–1970
- 1964: Shimen Dam, largest in Taiwan at the time, was completed.
1971–1980
- 1973: Zengwun Dam was completed.
- 1974: Techi Dam was completed.
1981–1990
- 1984: Junghua Dam was completed.
- 1986: Opposition political parties were allowed.
- 1987: Martial law was lifted.
- 1988: The restriction on newspapers was lifted.
1991–2000
- 1992: South Korea recognized People's Republic of China, severing ties with the Republic of China.
- 1995: The People's Republic of China test fired missiles to waters within 60 kilometers of Taiwan, followed by live fire military exercises, in an attempt to sway election results.
- 1996: The first direct vote election was held for the office of the President of the Republic of China. People's Republic of China again fired missiles near Taiwan in an act of intimidation.
- 1999: Construction began on Taipei 101, which was to be the tallest building in the world.
2001–2010
- 2004: Taipei 101, the tallest building in the world until 2011, was completed.
- 2004 : National Highway No.3 Formosa Freeway traffic
- 2004 : The first 11 presidential election : Vote three hundred nineteen before the shooting incident, Chen Shui-bian and Annette Lu was elected by a narrow majority
- 2004 : Lien Chan and James Soong proposed election invalid election invalid complaints and appeal, the Court conducted a nationwide recount
- 2004 : Jiang Fangliang death
- 2004 : taekwondo athlete Chen Shih-hsin at the Athens Olympic Games first gold medal for Chinese Taipei
- 2004 : The 6th legislative elections : the Democratic Progressive Party 89 seats, 79 seats Kuomintang, the People First Party 34 seats, 12 seats TSU, New Party one seat, no party coalition six seats, independents four seats
- 2004 : Kun Kun Cabinet resignation, took over as Premier Frank Hsieh
- 2005 : Chinese New Year cross-strait charter flights, separated 56 years later, the Civil Aviation charter flight landed in Taiwan in mainland China for the first time legally
- 2005 : The People's Republic of China through the anti-secession law, Taiwan's DPP government held three large protest Protect Taiwan 2696
- 2005 : Lien Chan and James Soong have access to mainland China journey of peace, bridge tour
- 2005 : Task-based National Assembly elections, the National Assembly convenes after the repeal, lawmakers seats halved in the Constitution referendum proposal
- 2005 : Ma Ying-jeou was elected chairman of the Chinese Kuomintang
- 2005 : Kaohsiung MRT scandal of foreign workers
- 2005 : Heads county elections: KMT 14 seats, the Democratic Progressive Party six seats, the New Party one seat, no party a seat
- 2006 : Hsieh Cabinet resignation, took over as Premier Su Tseng-chang
- 2006 : Sun Yun-suan death
- 2006 : a gift from the Chinese mainland declined panda
- 2006 : the abolition of the National Unification Guidelines
- 2006 : Taiwan to open the case, the case of minors Legislature presidential recall vote
- 2006 : Snow Mountain Crossing
- 2006 : Shih leadership "a million people fell flat anti- corruption " campaign
- 2006 : state affairs fund corruption charges against Wu Shu-chen, President Chen Shui-bian announced the resignation of First Instance found guilty
- 2006 : Academy Award for Best Director Ang Lee
- 2006 : The 10th municipality CEO and City Council elections : Taipei Mayor Hau Lung-bin elected ; Kaohsiung Mayor Chen Chu was elected ; Soong announced his withdrawal from politics Chu
- 2006 : Wang record 19 wins in MLB single-season record
- 2006 : Taiwan High Speed Rail trial operation next year on January 5 traffic
- 2007 : Special charges of corruption charges against Ma Ying-jeou, KMT Chairman Ma resigned from China
- 2007 : Elected Chinese Kuomintang Chairman Wu Poh-hsiung
- 2007 : Denial Beijing Olympic torch through Taipei to Hong Kong route
- 2007 : Local Government Act to modify, Taipei County became quasi- municipality
- 2007 : Frank Hsieh, the DPP and the KMT nominated Ma Ying-jeou presidential election race
- 2007 : the resignation of Premier Su Tseng-chang, the SEF chairman, former Premier Chang Chun-hsiung skillet take office.
- 2007 : 17 whole generation of Chinese Kuomintang Ma Ying-jeou will be nominated by, Siew compete partner and vice presidential candidate in 2008 elections.
- 2008: The Republic of the seventh legislative election case cum third and fourth cases nationwide referendum : the Chinese Nationalist Party won a landslide victory, get 81 seats, the Democratic Progressive Party obtained 27 seats, the Non-Partisan Solidarity Union 3 seats, the People First Party 1 seat, no party a seat, while the third case of a referendum, by the fourth case were no
- A gift from the Chinese mainland to Taiwan pandas
- 2008: The 12th president of the vice presidential election case cum fifth and sixth cases nationwide referendum : Ma, Siew was elected to 7,658,724 votes, 58.45 percent votes, Frank Hsieh, Su Tseng-chang 5,445,239 votes, 41.55 percent votes, while the referendum fifth case, 6 cases were by no
- 2008 : Taiwan's Tsai Ing-wen was elected as the first female major political parties in the party chairman
- 2008 : Soyuz fishing boat incident : June 10 Japanese patrol boats fishing boat sank ROC " United", and the boat people taken to Japan interrogation, the crew back the next day, but the captain detained June 12 due to the pressure Republic of China, Japan, the release of the captain. June 13 ROC Premier Liu said the Japanese side will eventually be more force to resolve the Diaoyu Islands dispute.
- 2008 : SEF, ARATS again to resume talks on June 13, the two sides are expected to solve the current predicament. The talks have signed cross-strait weekend charter flights and mainland residents to travel two agreements.
- 2009 : Typhoon Morakot caused by Typhoon Morakot, the first time the ROC government refused foreign aid
- 2009 : Taiwan President Chen Shui-bian and his wife Wu Shu-chen ago was sentenced to life imprisonment.
- 2010 –2019 years [ edit ]
- 2010 : The Legislative Yuan passed the "Executive Yuan Organization Law" amendment, Executive Yuan central administrative authorities since 1 January 2012 will be reduced from 37 to 27 ministries Ministry, 2 OFFICE.
- 2010: ECFA was signed.
- 2010 : Tainan, Kaohsiung and Taichung counties were upgraded to merge the three municipalities, Taipei County was upgraded to an independent municipality – New Taipei City.
from 2011
- 2011 : Tsai Ing-wen was elected as the first female presidential candidate
- 2011 : Republic of China a hundred years.
- 2012 : The first 13 presidential election, Vice President, Ma Ying-jeou, Wu Den-yih was elected to 6,891,139 votes, 51.60 percent votes, Tsai Ing-wen, Su Jia 6,093,578 votes, 45.63 percent votes, James Soong, Ruey S. Lin 369,588 votes, the vote by 2.77%. 8th legislative elections, the KMT 64 seats, the DPP 40 seats, the People First Party 3 seats, 3 seats TSU, no party coalition two seats, one seat without party affiliation.
- 2013 : Academy Award for Best Director Ang Lee re-
- 2013 : Taiwan and Japan signed the " Taiwan-Japan Fisheries Agreement " at the Taipei Guest House, the two countries share overlapping EEZ fishery resources.
- 2013 : The Department of Health into history, was upgraded to the Ministry of Health and Welfare. (Institute of Medicine in the Department of Education and the Executive Yuan disability benefits ............ sectors combined )
- 2013 : Taiwan New Zealand Economic Cooperation Agreement (ANZTEC), Taiwan Star Economic Cooperation Agreement (ASTEP) officially signed.
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- Parent Category: Historic Impact
- Category: History— China (1906-1920)
Puyi or Pu Yi (;[2] simplified Chinese: 溥仪; traditional Chinese: 溥儀; 7 February 1906 – 17 October 1967), of the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan, was the eleventh and last emperor of the Qing dynasty. When he was a child, he reigned as the Xuantong Emperor (;[3] Chinese: 宣統帝; Manchu: ᡤᡝᡥᡠᠩᡤᡝᠶᠣᠰᠣᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ; Möllendorff: gehungge yoso hūwangdi) in China and Khevt Yos Khaan in Mongolia from 1908 until his forced abdication on 12 February 1912, after the Xinhai Revolution. From 1 July to 12 July in 1917, he was briefly restored to the throne as emperor by the warlord Zhang Xun.
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The Beiyang government (Chinese: 北洋政府; pinyin: Běiyáng Zhèngfǔ; Wade–Giles: Pei-yang Chêng-fu), also sometimes spelled Peiyang Government or the First Republic of China[1], refers to the government of the Republic of China which was in place in the capital city Beijing from 1912 to 1928. It was internationally recognized as the legitimate Chinese government. The name derives from the Beiyang Army, which dominated its politics with the rise of Yuan Shikai, who was a general of the previous imperial Qing government. After his death the army fractured into competing factions. Although the government and the state were nominally under civilian control under a constitution, the Beiyang generals were effectively in charge of it; with various factions vying for power, contributing to internal instability. Nevertheless, the government enjoyed legitimacy abroad along with diplomatic recognition, had access to tax and customs revenue, and could apply for foreign financial loans.
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Li Yuanhong (Chinese: 黎元洪; pinyin: Lí Yuánhóng; courtesy name Songqing 宋卿) (October 19, 1864 – June 3, 1928) was a Chinese politician during the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China. He was the President of the Republic of China between 1916 and 1917, and between 1922 and 1923.
